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Students plan their course selections around five career concentrations: Arts, Media and Communication; Business and Marketing; Education, Health and Human Services; Engineering and Industrial Technology; and Environmental and Agricultural Systems. When Walhalla joined High Schools That Work, only 29 percent of students completed a career or academic concentration. In the class of 1998, 77 percent of students did so. In other words, the percentage of students who did not complete a concentration declined from 71 percent in 1987-88 to 23 percent in 1997-98. Walhallas goal is to get all students to complete a concentration.
When Walhalla High School joined High Schools That Work, 25 general-level academic courses crowded the curriculum. Such courses do not exist anymore. In 1987-88, WHS offered 14 non-credit remedial courses; by 1995-96, that number had been reduced to four, all of which are required by the South Carolina Department of Education to assist students with skills identified as deficient on the state exit exam. STRATEGIES IN MAKING MAJOR CHANGES Administrators and teachers at Walhalla High School found that teamwork and perseverance paid off in overcoming obstacles as the school underwent major curriculum and instructional changes. The strategies used over a period of years in raising standards include: Actively Involving the Faculty One important administrative action was to involve teachers in making decisions that affect students. The school explored site-based management in 1989 and took some steps in that direction. However, that approach neither fit the leadership style of the administration nor provided the leadership sought by the faculty. Through open discussions in instructional planning committee meetings, participatory management emerged as a more desirable and effective leadership style. The team structure was called into play, resulting in a Curriculum Development Team and three other teams. This structure motivated more teachers to play a larger role in school improvement. Now, only two teams Curriculum Development and Staff Development are needed.
When school improvement got under way, department heads met with teachers to share the schools new direction: elimination of general and remedial courses. The process began with mathematics and spread gradually to science, English and social studies. As expected, failure rates increased at first but leveled off in less than three semesters. When a flood of students wanted to change their schedules to get rid of the tougher courses, counselors told them, "There are no more low-level courses. You will just have to stick with it."
Providing Staff Development Walhalla High School is committed to professional growth. In addition to attending High Schools That Work conferences and workshops, teachers visit work sites to gain greater understanding of why students need more challenging content. Since 1995-96, teachers have been required to visit local business and industry as a way to better integrate workplace skills into the curriculum. Monthly visits have been made to companies such as Torrington, Schlumberger, Square D and Compact Air Products high-tech plants that produce products ranging from electric meters to customized ball bearings. To follow up, teachers write lesson plans designed to strengthen students academic, technical and personal skills. The schools career specialist places the lesson plans in a notebook that all teachers can use. In another aspect of staff development, teachers participate in a graduate-level industry education course offered by the school district in cooperation with Clemson University. The course includes business tours as well as seminars conducted by industry personnel ranging from human resources managers to the owners themselves. It culminates in a teacher-designed project intended to inject new knowledge into the classroom. An assistant principal who took the course applied what she learned about teamwork to the matter of school discipline: Students with poor interpersonal skills are taught to be tolerant of others and to recognize that the school is a community where individual differences are respected as everyone works together to accomplish group goals. Supporting Teachers in Using New Instructional Methods Staff development enables teachers to learn new ways to teach complex mathematics, science and English concepts by connecting what students learn to real life. By using applied instructional methods, teachers motivate students whose previous classroom experiences held little meaning. A biology instructor served a summer internship at Amoco Fabrics and Fibers. After working in every production job at the facility, she defined the mathematics, computer and communication skills needed to perform competently in each job. She returned to the classroom convinced that students need more computer, mathematics, and technical reading and writing skills. To strengthen these skills, she required each student to select a science topic, do research and use a computer to produce a project. The approach was such a success that the science department now requires all students to complete computer-generated projects. In 1996 a group of faculty members collaborated on a project that received a teacher incentive grant from the South Carolina Department of Education. The project senior portfolios representing students academic and career achievement was implemented in the 1996-97 school year. Students taking Communications for the Workplace develop a plan for presenting themselves as a "total person." They submit the plan to the teacher for approval and suggestions and begin to gather examples of career-related projects that they can complete at school and/or in the community. Portfolio items are prepared on a personal computer and placed in a looseleaf binder. One student majoring in fashion design and merchandising filled her portfolio with sketches and photos of clothing she designed and made. Portfolios are assessed on the basis of stated criteria; students must successfully complete a portfolio to pass the course. Involving Parents and the Community A school improvement council composed of teachers, students, parents and business leaders helps school administrators make decisions concerning curriculum, technology, facilities and discipline. The group tackles tough issues such as revamping and restructuring the curriculum. It also selected the schools five career concentrations. The council is elected by faculty, students and parents. Nominees for student representatives are solicited from the student population, and a nomination form for parent representation is included in a newsletter sent to students homes. Council members serve two-year terms. In communicating with parents and the community, school leaders mounted a campaign to explain the tougher school and classroom standards and to involve parents in helping their children succeed in high school studies. Activities to involve parents include:
Structuring the Education Program Around Career Concentrations The schools five career concentrations allow students to select either tech prep, which leads to an associate degree, or college prep, which leads to a baccalaureate degree. The plan provides flexibility for students to move from one concentration to another if their needs or interests change. Career Bound, a planning booklet for students and parents, contains course-selection information. Students and their parents know exactly what is required at each grade level for completion of a particular concentration. The booklet also lists related electives, the types of associate and baccalaureate degrees available at the postsecondary level, and the careers associated with each concentration. This information makes the connection between courseware and lifes work and emphasizes that education for any career extends beyond high school. Career concentrations are the focus of students planned programs of study and career portfolios, which are reviewed by parents at least annually and by students and counselors more frequently. Each students computer profile shows his or her career concentration and work-based learning experiences. Using the Gold Seal Achievement Program to Get Students to Meet Higher Standards The Gold Seal achievement program is the cornerstone of efforts to raise expectations at Walhalla High School. The program motivates students to achieve at a higher level and provides a focus for course selection and completion. A Gold Seal signifies that a student has completed a career concentration and earned 25 to 30 credits more than the 24 credits required for high school graduation in South Carolina. Students at Walhalla High School can earn up to 32 credits and many do so. Students qualifying for a Gold Seal are honored on Awards Day and receive a Gold Seal certificate and a special seal on their transcript. The two students earning the highest grade point average in each career area are recognized as Gold Seal Scholars. The Gold Seal program has been very effective in raising student achievement. In just two years, from 1994 to 1996, the percentage of students earning Gold Seal status almost doubled. In 1998, 77 percent of Walhalla seniors earned a Gold Seal. One 12th-grader told how the Gold Seal program affected her life: "The business cluster caused me to take more courses and work harder on my high school studies. It made me plan for the future. As a result, Ive decided to study business administration after I graduate." Providing Positive Academic Counseling for Students (PACS) Walhalla High Schools first teacher advisement program was piloted during the 1996-97 school year. A committee of teachers, guidance counselors and administrators researched successful advisement programs to develop a program that provides all students with adult mentors throughout their high school years. Every other week, PACS groups meet to discuss topics recommended by an advisory committee. The role of a teacher-advisor is to facilitate a trusting relationship with students and parents through individual and small-group discussions as well as parent conferences held during the year. Through parent conferences, an advisor becomes a liaison between school and home. The goals of the program are to advise students regarding plans for the future and to monitor academic progress. The program contributes to a positive and caring school environment. Working Closely with the Area Career Center Walhalla works closely with Hamilton Career Center and its director, Frank Lanford, to help students complete career courses. Enrollment by Walhalla High School students in the area center has more than doubled since 1992-93, when 107 students attended classes there. For the 1997-98 school year, 277 students one-third of all Walhalla High School students enrolled at the center. Walhalla has found that students who have access to the programs and equipment of an area career center gain a focus for their high school studies and are less likely to drop out of school. Many career-center courses, particularly in-depth technology-oriented courses, are taken by college-preparatory as well as tech-prep students. In fact, more than one-third of Walhalla High Schools college-prep students take courses at the career center. All eighth-graders in the county visit the center before entering high school to gain an understanding of what is available. The center also offers exploratory programs to help 10th- and 11th-graders choose a career concentration. The administrative and guidance departments of the high school and the career center collaborate to see that programs on one campus are not duplicated on the other. For example:
"We are constantly evaluating the needs of students and the workplace so that we can stay up-to-date from a technical standpoint," Lanford said. For example, the center and Clemson University developed a sports medicine concentration to prepare youth to enter the fast-growing health field. Cooperative education programs are offered in the second year of any career center program. In addition, students in the Academy of Finance complete an internship following grade 11. These internships may be in real estate, banking, business administration or finance. Students in the FAMS program complete paid internships at industries. Although time constraints and the nine-mile distance between the high school and the career center may make it difficult, teachers from the two facilities frequently work together on projects. For example, an Applied Communication teacher from the high school and an auto service instructor from the career center developed a series of research and problem-solving assignments for auto mechanics students. The students receive grades in both auto mechanics and writing. Connecting Rigorous Academic Concepts to Their Applications in the Workplace Job-shadowing opportunities and workplace-related activities help students connect rigorous academic concepts to their applications in business and industry. Dozens of large and small employers have invited Walhalla students and teachers to observe in the workplace, provided technical assistance and equipment, and furnished classroom and career-day speakers. In 1997-98, 130 students participated in at least one job-shadowing program; 361 participated in at least one service-learning project; and 798 participated in work-based learning experiences, including field trips, guest speakers, work-based enterprises and connecting activities. Students have observed professionals at a local hospital, a small business and a die-cutting industry. They have operated an agri-business on campus and have heard guest speakers who represent brokerage firms, banks, the FBI, the nuclear energy field, and many other careers. Walhalla High School has developed two specialized courses designed to acquaint students with workplace requirements: Strategies for Success for all ninth-graders and SPECTRUM for all 10th-graders. The Strategies for Success components include Study Skills, Career Exploration, Organization and Time Management, Problem Solving, Public Speaking, Decision Making, and Finding and Using Information. SPECTRUM teaches conflict resolution, environmental awareness, service learning, interpersonal communication skills, higher-order thinking skills, career information, fine arts, and consumer finance. In the fall of 1997, Walhalla High School was one of 12 schools invited by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership to participate in a workshop to learn more about school-to-entrepreneurship programs. Through a competitive grant process, WHS obtained funding to create and provide staff development to begin a schoolwide entrepreneurship program during the 1998-99 school year. Community involvement will be a key to the success of the program. The objective is to develop and implement high school-level entrepreneurship education initiatives in a setting that includes school-based learning, field-based entrepreneurship learning experiences, and activities that connect the school and the business community. Rebecca Powell, who teaches the entrepreneurship class, has established a curriculum to meet the objectives. One component of the class is an Entreboard, a community-based panel that will interview each student, examine his or her portfolio or plan, and determine whether Entreboard resources will back the plan. The process will be the equivalent of applying for a loan. In addition to Entrepreneurship I and II classes, components of the program will be offered in various parts of the curriculum, including the Strategies for Success and SPECTRUM courses required of all students in grades 9 and 10. Entrepreneurship components are also offered in Consumer Science, Agriculture, Industrial Technology and Desktop Publishing.
Students and Teachers Like Block Scheduling To meet the need for larger instructional blocks, Walhalla High School adopted an A-B block schedule consisting of four 90-minute periods per day instead of the old 50-minute periods. The new schedule enables students to take extra courses and earn additional credits. It also gives teachers more time to plan and work together and allows students to complete more projects and labs. In considering whether to change the schedule, all teachers had the option to visit schools using block scheduling and to report their findings at faculty meetings. Following these presentations, 86 percent of the teachers voted to switch to the new schedule in the upcoming school year. The remainder of the year and the following summer were used for staff development to give teachers the skills needed to make block scheduling a success. Teachers have participated in sessions on cooperative learning, diversified learning styles, work-based applications and applied methodology. The new schedule is assessed annually by both students and staff. From 90 to 95 percent of students and from 95 to 100 percent of teachers rank the experience as "positive." When asked if they want to return to the old 50-minute schedule, the response from students and teachers alike is an emphatic "No." Block scheduling gives teachers time to "link" lessons, develop class projects, devise workplace applications, arrange for guest speakers, and do whatever it takes to increase students knowledge and skills. Block scheduling has also contributed to interdisciplinary learning. Teachers have more total time and more time in common to plan and implement interdisciplinary lessons. In one example, a history teacher and an agriculture teacher had their students read about the horse-raising techniques of the Nez-Perc Indians as described by American explorers Lewis and Clark and compare the 19th century techniques to current practices. Making Connections to Strengthen the Guidance Program Walhalla High School works with Walhalla Middle School, Tri-County Technical College, Clemson University and the Walhalla community to offer a career development program that ensures preparation for the future through a variety of activities, both in and out of the classroom. Efforts to connect the high school and the middle grades led by Walhalla Middle School Principal Troy Hawkins are particularly strong. The middle-grades career specialist ensures that students and their parents are familiar with education and career options and the high school curriculum. Each sixth-grader begins developing a career portfolio that is maintained throughout high school. The portfolio contains information on career fields as well as evidence of the students academic achievement and extracurricular activities. Students gain information about career choices through interest inventories, class presentations, videos, guest speakers, field trips, and a career fair during which business and industry professionals talk to students about vital education and career skills.
Eighth-graders and their parents receive copies of Career Bound, the high school program of study booklet, which helps them make informed choices about career paths and course selection. These students also attend a presentation by Walhalla teachers, counselors and administrators on the importance of completing a challenging high school program of study. At the same meeting, they get tips for making a successful transition from the middle grades to high school. During the second semester of grade 8, students and their parents meet with the career specialist to discuss the five career concentrations offered at the high school and the academies available to high school students at Hamilton Career Center. The career specialist forwards students career portfolios to the high school. In the Walhalla High School guidance system, students:
Hamilton Career Center provides information to help high school students choose career areas and courses. Ninth- and 10th-graders take exploratory courses at the center and meet with the career center counselor at the high school. The center also hosts a curriculum fair that helps 10th-graders learn more about careers associated with each center program. As a result of this collaboration, enrollment in the career center has soared. Partnerships with Area Institutions Because linkages between the high school and postsecondary institutions are so important to career and academic planning, Walhalla High School places a high priority on partnerships with area institutions. The PACE Consortium a business and education partnership of local school districts, area employers, Tri-County Technical College and Clemson University is the primary support for developing programs and agreements among the partners. The approaches include:
Using Data for School Improvement Leaders and teachers have used data extensively in improving Walhalla High School. They collect and use student performance data, including SAT scores, results from state and national standardized tests, follow-up studies, disaggregation of course selection and program enrollment data, student attendance, grade distribution and dropout rates. Teachers participate in professional development workshops on how to interpret and use standardized test scores. The Curriculum Development Team has asked each department to examine test results and devise strategies to improve achievement. One of Walhallas schoolwide goals is to increase standardized test scores. Counselors identify trends in course selection and enrollment, the number of students earning Gold Seals and the number taking courses at the career center to determine the level of students commitment to higher performance. Administrators examine grade distributions, attendance trends and school withdrawals every nine weeks. As a result, the school moves swiftly to avoid potential problems by:
RESULTS OF REQUIRING HIGH STANDARDS OF ALL STUDENTS "Increasingly, our students' eyes are being opened to the advantages of pursuing a solid academic and technical foundation as an investment in the future," Principal Hostetler said. The result has been significant increases in student performance:
STATE SUPPORT FOR REPLACING THE GENERAL TRACK South Carolina has supported Walhallas efforts in a number of ways. New legislation and policies established statewide expectations and requirements for higher academic standards and workplace readiness for all students. The legislation, which contains many elements of High Schools That Work, replaced the general track by requiring students to complete either a college-preparatory program of study or an upgraded academic core and a concentration. It also called for integrated academic and vocational studies and stronger educational and career guidance systems. The legislation links high schools, technical colleges and employers in planning curriculum and assessment based on the needs of students and the economy. The state has also provided funds for staff development and materials to improve school and classroom practices. SUPPORT FROM THE SCHOOL BOARD AND THE SUPERINTENDENT A key factor in Walhallas success has been the ongoing support of the board of education and district administrators, led by Superintendent Buddy Herring. Representatives of both groups attended the first High Schools That Work conference and have continued to provide money, materials and leadership to promote higher standards. This "buy-in" from the top has attracted the support of parents and the community and has ensured the success of school improvement efforts. The Oconee County superintendent and school board members recognized in the late 1980s the importance of replacing the general track with an upgraded academic core and a major. With their support, all high schools in the district completed the process by 1994, two years before the date established by South Carolina for all high schools in the state. NATIONAL HONORS In May 1996, Walhalla High School was honored as one of 10 winners of the Seventh Annual Business Week Awards for Instructional Innovation. The school was also honored as a "New American High School" by the National Center for Research in Vocational Education and the U.S. Department of Education. This recognition was based on the schools success in preparing students for college and careers. It pointed to Walhalla High School as "a place where students achieve high levels of academic and technical skills." CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE "Weve come a long way since joining High Schools That Work," Principal Hostetler said, "but the process is never-ending. We still have a lot of work to do." The challenges include:
Contact: John Hostetler, Principal Southern Regional Education Board (97V08) Price: $1 each; 16 pages For information on other HSTW publications, please see the HSTW Materials List. For information on other SREB publications, please see the Publications Catalog. To order a hard copy of this or any other SREB publication, email publications@sreb.org or call (404) 875-9211, Ext. 236. Please be sure to reference the publication name and number. |
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